Was Winston Churchill the greatest leader in the 20th century Essay

Was Winston Churchill the greatest leader in the 20th century - Essay Example The paper would examine Churchill’s broad vision and lofty ideologies pertaining to his administration, his political clout as a leader and the manner in which he faced and handled the different problems that stood in his path. It would also form an analysis of how effective his leadership was and the impact it created on the country’s progress. In this context, the paper would also attempt to discuss the varied attributes of Sir Winston Churchill, highlighting his exemplary personality and the strategic and inspiring decisions he had to make as the leader of his country and validate and conclude whether this fact of being one of the greatest leaders of the 20th century was true or false. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born in the United Kingdom on 30th Nov. 1874 to Lord Randolph Churchill from the UK and Lady Randolph who was an American. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, lived with his family at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, and after a long stint with journalism ‘started his career as an army officer in the British Army’ (Source 5, 2002, p.162) and thereafter engaged himself in politics because he was fired with a keen desire to serve his country with great passion and vigor. Life in the early years was not a bed of roses for him, because he was a difficult kid to manage at school where he often got punished for misbehavior. But nevertheless, he showed a very keen interest in subjects such as poetry, history and writing English essays than learning Latin, Greek or Math and never relished the company of his friends. After his High School he completed his graduation at the age 18 at Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in Buckinghamshire. After two years that is at age 20, when his life turned more exciting, he started to achieve many things (Source 2, 1952, p.38). His achievements can be classified into four periods namely;

What can we learn from change strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What can we learn from change strategies - Essay Example is going to discuss how the programme of change affects the structure of the organization illustrating briefly the organization structure prior to change and the results of the change programmes. The paper will also discuss the impacts of change on the staff and systems in relation to motivation and engagement of staff and the new way in which they have to work following the change. Hill and Jones (2007) noted that the programme of change has positive impact on the structure of the organization as the changes are meant to improve ways of achieving the goals and objectives of the Companies. Strategic changes occurred in Asda Superstore in order to deal with new products in the market, increased competition, new government regulations, changing the workforce and technological developments hence the business was assured of success. Prior to the change the organization structure of Asda Superstore was simple since they had less employees and managers and hence running the business was easier. Changes had to be considered because the supermarket was struggling to increase sales and change in consumer habits that were driven by the increase in online shopping and low incomes among customers made it difficult to succeed. Change programmes were initiated after the demand of the products in Asda superstore increased and therefore there was need to change strategies so that they can meet the needs of the customers. Jansson (2008) stated that the organizational structure for Asda superstore was refined, their accountabilities clear, duplication removed and decision-making made swift and communicated transparently. The strategic changes in Asda superstore had a positive impact on the staff and systems, as they were encouraged to contribute to the success of the organization by being given a chance to share their ideas and being involved in the decision-making processes (Samson and Bevington, 2012). After the strategic changes, some staff members were motivated by being

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing

Viscoplasticity and Static Strain Ageing Viscoplasticity Inelastic deformation of materials is broadly classified into rate independent plasticity and rate dependent plasticity. The theory of Viscoplasticity describes inelastic deformation of materials depending on time i.e. the rate at which the load is applied. In metals and alloys, the mechanism of viscoplasticity is usually shown by the movement of dislocations in grain [21]. From experiments, it has been established that most metals have tendency to exhibit viscoplastic behaviour at high temperatures. Some alloys are found to exhibit this behaviour even at room temperature. Formulating the constitutive laws for viscoplasticity can be classified into the physical approach and the phenomenological approach [23]. The physical approach relies on the movement of dislocations in crystal lattice to model the plasticity.  Ã‚   In the phenomenological approach, the material is considered as a continuum. And thus   the microscopic behaviour can be represented by the evolution of certain int ernal variables instead. Most models employ the kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening variables in this respect. Such a phenomenological approach is used in this work too. According to the classical theory of plasticity, the deviatoric stresses is the main contribu- tor to the yielding of materials and the volumetric or hydrostatic stress does not influence the inelastic behaviour. It also introduces a yield surface to differentiate the elastic and plastic domains. The size and position of such a yield surface can be changed by the strain history, to model the exact stress state. The theory of viscoplasticity differs from the plasticity theory, by employing a series of equipotential surfaces. This helps define an over-stress beyond the yield surface. The plastic strain rate is given by the viscoplastic flow rule. To model the hardening behaviour, introduction of several internal variables is necessary. Unlike strain or temperature which can be measured to asses the stress state, internal variable or state variables are used to capture the material memory by means of evolution equations. This must include a tensor variable to define the kinematic harden ing and a scalar variable to define the isotropic variable. The evolution of these internal variables allows us to define the complete hardening behaviour of materials. In this work we consider only the small strain framework. The basic principles of viscoplasticity are similar to those from Plasticity theory. The main difference is the introduction of time effects. Thus the concepts from plasticity and the introduction of time effects to describe viscoplasticity, as summarised by Chabocheand Lemaitre[21] are discussed in this chapter. Basic principles Considering small strains framework, the strain tensor can be split into its elastic and inelastic parts ÃŽ µ = ÃŽ µe+ ÃŽ µin(2.1) where ÃŽ µ is total strain, ÃŽ µe is the elastic strain and ÃŽ µin is the inelastic strain. In this work, we neglect creep and thus consider only the plastic strain to be the inelastic strain. Hence we can proceed to rewrite the above equation as : ÃŽ µ = ÃŽ µe+ ÃŽ µp(2.2) where ÃŽ µp is the plastic strain. Let us consider a field with stress ÏÆ' = ÏÆ'i j(x) and external volume forces fi. Thus the equilibrium condition is given as: ∂ÏÆ'i j + f ∂xii = 0;i, jÃŽ µ {1,2,3} (2.3) From the balance of moment of momentum equation, we know that the Cauchy stress ten- sor is symmetric in nature. The strain tensor is calculated from the gradient of displacement, uas: 1 .∂uj∂ui. ÃŽ µi j = 2 ∂xi + ∂x (2.4) The Hookes law for the relation between stress and strain tensors is given using the elastic part of the strain: ÏÆ' = E · ÃŽ µe(2.5) where ÃŽ µe and the stress ÏÆ' are second order tensors. E is the fourth order elasticity tensor. Equipotential surfaces In the traditional plasticity theory which is time independent, the stress state is governed by a yield surface and loading-unloading conditions. In Viscoplasticity the time or rate dependent plasticity is described by a series of concentric equipotential surfaces. The location on the centre and its size determine the stress state of a given material. Fig. 2.1 Illustration of equipotential surfaces from [21] It can be understood that the inner most surface or the surface closest to the centre represents a null flow rate(à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = 0). As shown in Figure (2.1), the outer most and the farthest surface from the centre represents infinite flow rate (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = ∞). These two surfaces represent the extremes governed by the time independent plasticity laws. The region in between is governed by Viscoplasticity[21]. The size of the equipotential surface is proportional to the flow rate. Greater the flow, greater is the surface size. The region between the centre and the inner most surface is the elastic domain. Flow begins at this inner most surface( f=0). In Viscoplasticity, there are two types of hardening rules to be considered: (i) Kinematic hardening and (ii) isotropic hardening. The Kinematic hardening describes the movement of the equipotential surfaces in the stress plane. From material science, this behaviour is known to be the result of dislocations accumulating at the barriers. Thus it helps in describing the Bauschinger effect [27] which states that when a material is subjected to yielding by  Ã‚  Ã‚   a compressive load, the elastic domain is increased for the consecutive tensile load. This behaviour is represented by ÃŽ ± which does not evolve continuously during cyclic loads and thus fails to describe cyclic hardening or softening behaviours. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.2). Fig. 2.2 Linear Kinematic hardening and Stress-strain response from [11] The isotropic hardening on the other hand describes the change in size of the surface and assumes that the centre and shape remains unchanged. This behaviour is due to the number of dislocations in a material and the energy stored in it. It is represented by variable r, which evolves continuously during cyclic loadings. This can be controlled by the recovery phase. As a result, isotropic behaviour is helpful is modelling the cyclic hardening and softening phenomena. A schematic representation is shown in Fig.(2.3). Fig. 2.3 Linear Isotropic hardening and Stress-strain response from [11] From Thermodynamics, we know the free energy potential(ψ ) to be a scalar function [21]. With respect to temperature T, it is concave. But convex with respect to other internal variables. Thus, it can be defined as : ψ= ψ.   ,T,ÃŽ µe,ÃŽ µp,Vk.(2.6) where ÃŽ µ,Tare the only measured quantities that can help model plasticity. Vkrepresents the set of internal variable, also known as state variables which help define the memory of the previous stress states. In Viscoplasticity, it is assumed that ψ depends only on ÃŽ µe,T,Vk. Thus we have: ψ= ψ.   e,T,Vk.(2.7) According to thermodynamic rules, stress is associated with strain and the entropy with temperature. This helps us define the following relations: ÏÆ' = Ï  . ∂ψ. ∂Î µe ,s = − .∂ψ. ∂T (2.8) where Ï  is density and s is entropy. It is possible to decouple the free energy function and split it into the elastic and plastic parts. ψ= ψe.   e,T.+ ψp.   ,r,T.(2.9) Similar to ÏÆ', the thermodynamic forces corresponding to ÃŽ ± and r is given by: X = Ï  .∂ψ. ∂Î ± ,R = Ï  .∂ψ. ∂r (2.10) Here we have X the back stress tensor, used to measure Kinematic hardening. It is noted as a Kinematic hardening variable which defines the position tensor of the centre of equipotential surface. Similarly Ris the Isotropic hardening variable which governs the size of the equipotential surface. Dissipation potential The equipotential surfaces that describe Viscoplasticity have some properties. Points on each surface have a magnitude equal to the strain rate. Points on each surface have the same dissipation potential. If potential is zero, there is no plasticity and it refers to the elastic domain. The dissipation potential is represented by à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ which is a convex function. It can be defined in a dual form as: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦.   ,X,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r.(2.11) It is a positive function and if the variables ÏÆ',X,Rare zero, then the potential is also zero. The normalityrule, defined in [22] suggests that the outward normal vector is proportional to the gradient of the yield function. Applying the normality rule, we may obtain the following relations: ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚   p = ∂ÏÆ', ÃŽ ±Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢   = ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ , ∂X ∂ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ rËâ„ ¢ = ∂R (2.12) Considering the recovery effects in Viscoplasticity, the dissipation potential can be split into two parts: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r(2.13) where à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p is the Viscoplastic potential and à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r   the recovery potential which are defined as : à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦p..− X. − R− k,X,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r. ,(2.14) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r=à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r.   ,R; T,ÃŽ ±,r.(2.15) .3 J2 . . †²Ã¢â‚¬ ².†²Ã¢â‚¬ ² ÏÆ'− X=2  Ã‚   ÏÆ'− X:  Ã‚   ÏÆ' − X (2.16) where J2 .− X. refers to the norm on the stress plane and kis the initial yield or the initial size of equipotential surface. Going back to the relation in (2.12) , we have: ∂J2 . X. ÏÆ'†² − X †² ÏÆ' ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦Ã¢Ë†â€šÃƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   == 3 =pËâ„ ¢ (2.17) p∂ÏÆ'∂J2 . .∂ÏÆ' 2ÏÆ'− X. Here, p is the accumulated viscoplastic strain, given by : .2 pËâ„ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚   = ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚   p : ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢p(2.18) 3 Also applying the normality rule on eq. (2.15) we may define r as : rËâ„ ¢ = pËâ„ ¢ − ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r(2.19) ∂R Thus when recovery is ignored (i.e à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦r = 0), r is equal to p. Perfect viscoplasticity Let us consider pure viscoplasticity where hardening is ignored. Thus the internal variables may also be removed. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. ,T.(2.20) Since plasticity is independent of volumetric stress, we may consider just the deviatoric stress ÏÆ' †² = ÏÆ' − 1 tr(ÏÆ')I. Using isotropic property, we may just use the second invariant of ÏÆ' †². Thus: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. (ÏÆ' ),T.(2.21) Applying the normality rule here, we may obtain the flow rule for Viscoplasticity. ∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦3∂à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ÃÆ'†² ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   == (2.22) p∂ÏÆ' 2 ∂J2 .ÏÆ'. J2 .ÏÆ'. From the Odqvists law [12], the dissipation potential for perfect viscoplasticity can be obtained. Here the elastic part is ignored. Thus we have: ÃŽ » à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ = n + 1 .J2(ÏÆ').n+1 ÃŽ » (2.23) where ÃŽ » and n are material parameters. Using this relation in the flow rule from eq.(2.22), we get: .J2(ÏÆ').nÏÆ'†² 3 ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = p2ÃŽ » J2 . . (2.24) Further the elasticity domain can be included through the parameter kwhich is a measure of the initial yield: 3 ÃŽ µÃƒâ€¹Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = .J2(ÏÆ') − k.nÏÆ'†² (2.25) p2ÃŽ » J2 . . The are the Macauley brackets defined by : à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¨Fà ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ © = F · H(F),H(F) = .1   ifF0 (2.26) 0   ifF

Ethnic Minorities in America Essay -- Ethnicity Hearing Impaired Paper

Ethnic Minorities in America In the United States the term "minority" often infers membership within an ethnic or cultural minority group. However, this term also encompasses other groups that lack equality, such as women, homosexuals and people with disabilities. By definition, the hearing majority classifies Deaf people as minorities because of their inability to hear. Yet linguists and social scientists argue that the basis of Deaf people's status as a minority group is not one of disability, but as a cultural and linguistic minority (Lane, Hoffmeister and Bahan: 1996: 335-6). In order to assert that Deaf people are a linguistic and cultural minority in America the characteristics of a minority group must first be defined. According to Schaeffer, members of a minority group share the following five characteristics: Members of a minority group experience unequal treatment and have less power over their lives than members of a dominant group. Members of a minority group share physical and cultural characteristics that distinguish them such as skin color or language. Each society has its own arbitrary standard for determining which characteristics are most important in defining dominant and minority groups. Membership in a dominant or majority group is often involuntary Minority group members have a strong sense of group solidarity. Members of a minority group generally marry others from the same group. (Schaffer, 1998: 6) Furthermore, ethnic minorities have other characteristics that set them apart from the majority such as language, national origin and cultural differences. (Schaffer, 1998: 7) Audism is defined as an attitude based on pathological thinking which results in a negative stigma toward anyon... ...ick. The World According to Pat: Reflections of Residential School Days ASLRTC Video Proceedings, TJ Publishers, Silver Spring, MD. Humphrey, Jan and Alcorn, Bob (1995). So You Want To Be An Interpreter: An Introduction to Sign Language Interpreting (2nd Edition) H&H Publishers, Amarillo, TX. Lane, Harlan; Hoffmeister, Rob and Bahan, Ben (1996). A Journey Into the Deaf-World Dawn Sign Press, San Diego, CA. Padden, Carol and Humphries, Tom (1988). Deaf In America: Voices From a Culture Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Schaeffer, Richard T. (1998). Racial and Ethnic Groups (7th Edition) Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc., New York, NY. Shelly, Suan and Schneck, Jim (1998). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Learning Sign Language Alpha Books, New York, NY. Wilcox, Sherman (ed) (1989). American Deaf Culture Linstok Press, Burtonsville, MD.

Discuss the importance of dreams in the play Essay

Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and author. He was a prominent figure in American literature and cinema for over 61 years, writing a wide variety of plays. Miller was born into a moderately-wealthy Jewish family in New York City. His father, Isidore Miller, was a ladies-wear manufacturer and shopkeeper who was ruined in the Great Depression. His mother, Augusta, was a housewife who valued literature and education. His sister, Joan became an actress. Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play by Arthur Miller and is one of his most famous and commonly revived works. Viewed by many as the American Dream of achieving wealth and success, Death of a Salesman made both Arthur Miller and the character Willy Loman household names. Some of the other titles Miller considered for the play were The Inside of His Head and A Period of Grace. The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. What the American Dream has become is a question under constant discussion, and some believe that it has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/or happiness. The American dream is a dream of having 2 children and living in a perfect house with financial security. This ideal is closely related to Horatio Algerism. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/American_dream In the play Death of a Salesman, dreams are discussed and shown in many different ways throughout the play. There are dreams that happen during one’s sleep, hopes and ambition type dreams, day dreams, fantasies and national/cultural dreams. In this play all are explored, and the national dream focused on is The American Dream. Dreams in this play stimulate the characters reactions and actions; they also affect the way the play is structured and explain behaviour of both the past and present. The play is unusually structured; there are no scenes just three main sections, Act 1, Act 2 and the Requiem. Within Act 1 and Act 2, there are several dreams and possibly flashbacks but the audience is unaware of what is real or not. The American Dream features in the play but not informing the audience that The American Dream is what it is partly focusing on. On page 82, Biff says â€Å"We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years. † First of all the reader thinks he’s saying he’s been taking in the dream for 15 years but reading the sentence over we see talking. The reader thinks that it means the American dream, and at this point in the play Biff realises himself and his family has been trying to live this dream but are unsuccessful. The American Dreams is partly to do with status and having the best of everything. It also focuses on popularity, success, ownership, wealth and your house and objects within it. The American Dream is linked to capitalism and consumer culture, which is when we are sold items we don’t really need. This is a symbol of success and if you can afford these luxury items they are a fall back for your family. When someone dies their family receives insurance, not only life insurance but also insurance for the object used in the death, for instance a car. This is all part of Willy’s plan to make his family more wealthy. Willy is scared of becoming an ordinary man, which in those days was a man that can no longer afford the luxury items that Willy possesses, when Linda is talking to Biff on page 44 she says â€Å"Willy Loman never made a lot of money. His name was never in the paper. He’s not the finest character that has ever lived. But he’s a human being, and a terrible thing is happening to him. So attention must be paid. † This shows the reader that Linda knows about Willy’s depression and that she knows he is becoming and has a fear of becoming a typical, ordinary man. This is not what Willy wants or wanted at all, Willy wanted to be well known around the country and great, successful. The depression that Willy held may have been caused by the lack of positive attention, his lack of progress in his job or his fear of becoming this ordinary man that he never wanted to be. Linda also knows that in his last months or weeks, herself and her son’s need to make up to Willy and give him the most positive attention that they can. On page 44 Linda says â€Å"Attention, attention must be finally paid to such a person. † This is also evidence to suggest Willy’s want for death. Willy is not progressing at all in his job, his ex boss’ son is now at the top of his career ‘ladder’ but Willy, still near the bottom should have retired. But his dreams and passion to become rich and successful meant that he forced himself to carry on working and hope that one day these dreams will be fulfilled.

Investment Account Essay

What is the meaning of Al-Awfar? Al-Awfar means â€Å"prosperous investment†. 3. What is the difference between Al-Awfar Savings Account and Investment Account-i and the normal Bank Islam Savings Account-i and General Investment Account-i (GIA)? Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-i is a rewarding account that offers a host of additional features, which include expected Mudharabah returns on savings and investments (if any). This is in addition to the opportunity to receive cash prizes from the bank through a quarterly prize draw. 4. Is Al-Awfar Saving and Investment Account-i a form of gambling? NO. Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-i is free from any elements of gambling. 5. Is Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-i Shariah-compliant? YES. The Shariah Supervisory Council of Bank Islam approved this product in its 102nd meeting dated 7th April 2008 (30 Rabiulawal 1429H). 6. Are prize draws allowed according to the Shariah Law? YES. Prize draws are permitted if there is no elements of riba (usury), gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling). 7. What is the basis on the permissibility of draw in Islam? 1. Al-Quran, in Surah Ali ‘Imran verse 44 This is a part of the news of the Ghaib (unseen, i. e. the news of the past nations of which you have no knowledge) which We inspire you with (O Muhammad ). You were not with them, when they cast lots with their pens as to which of them should be charged with the care of Maryam (Mary); nor were you with them when they disputed. . Is the draw performed in a manner that is transparent to the public? YES. There is an external independent draw committee who will observe the draw process. 9. What is the difference between Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-I and other competitors’ product? Al-Awfar Saving and Investment Account-i is the first product of its kind introduced by an Islamic bank, which meets all Shariah requirements. 10. Where does Bank Islam invest the funds deposited by customers? Bank Islam invests the fund in Shariah-compliant investments pproved by the bank’s Shariah Supervisory Council. 11. Can the cash prizes received be used for Ibadah purposes, e. g. performing the Hajj and Umrah or given away as Zakat and Sadaqah? YES. The cash prizes come from a Halal source. Upon receiving the cash prize, the customer is free to use it for any purpose 12. Are the cash prizes taken from the profit earned through Al-Awfar Savings and Investment Account-i? NO. The cash prizes are provided by the Bank and are not specifically derived from profits of Al-Awfar Savin gs and Investment Account-i.