The Law of Conservation of Energy Defined

The law of conservation of energy is a physical law that states energy cannot be created or destroyed but may be changed from one form to another. Another way of stating this law of chemistry is to say the total energy of an isolated system remains constant or is conserved within a given frame of reference. In classical mechanics, conservation of mass and conversation of energy are considered to be two separate laws. However, in special relativity, matter may be converted into energy and vice versa, according to the famous equation E mc2. Thus, its more appropriate to say mass-energy is conserved. Example of Conservation of Energy If a stick of dynamite explodes, for example, the chemical energy contained within the dynamite changes into kinetic energy, heat, and light. If all this energy is added together, it will equal the starting chemical energy value. Consequence of Conservation of Energy One interesting consequence of the law of conservation of energy is that it means perpetual motion machines of the first kind are not possible. In other words, a system must have an external power supply to continuously deliver unlimited energy to its surroundings. Its also worth noting that its not always possible to define conservation of energy because not all systems have time translation symmetry. For example, conservation of energy may not be defined for time crystals or for curved space times.

Criminal Justice Careers - 1751 Words

Criminal Justice Careers Marielu Villa Westwood College Abstract This paper reflects about criminal justice careers that will help me get knowledge and get a better idea about the career that I choose. Components of criminal justice: law enforcement, courts, and corrections. A brief description about the career, the requirements, and the hiring criteria the career has. Tell why the position interest me, how does it relate to the career path that I want, and finally what I’m looking for in gaining from the career. Keywords: Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), Parole Agent, and a Court Clerk. Law enforcement: CSI One component of the Criminal Justice career is law enforcement. There are many different kinds of jobs in law†¦show more content†¦The reason why is because that helps me go back and analyze what happened. I also like investigating: I like to think beyond the things that actually happened. This will really help me in becoming a crime scene investigator because you have to record everything you see and you have to collect evide nce. You have to think beyond what you see because you have to try to find the person that did it. The entry level salary range of $30,000- $40,000 depending on the agency. To be honest I don’t really look at it for the money, this is something that I want to do, it what I like. (Goodman, Grimming, 2007) Corrections: Parole Agent Another component of the Criminal Justice system is corrections. One of the jobs that the correction has is a parole agent. The goal for a parole agent is to protect the public. The responsibility for a parole agent is to assist ex- offenders so that they can adjust to life in a save and free community. They are also responsible to prevent future criminal acts. They help the people become a better person so that they can have a productive and normal live. Parole agents supervise the offenders who had been released from prison. (Careers in criminal, 2006) What the parole agent has to do is that they need to investigate the offender. For example the parole agent investigates the offender’s background so that they can gather information and write reports for the parole board hearings. Parole agentsShow MoreRelatedA Career in Criminal Justice1213 Words   |  5 PagesEducational programs in criminal justice are placed within two core groups. One core group being a degree-granting programs that are focused on psychology, sociology, and law in courses. The other group focused on programs and courses for the law enforcement specialist, which is often taught at professional schools or adult education placements. However, as time went by the two-year college appeared as the proper way for combining the ideas. Associate’s degrees in criminal justice or law enforcement becameRead MoreLaw Enforcement and Criminal Justice Careers Essay2460 Words   |  10 Pages Law enforcement is a career that is both violent and rewardin g in many capacities. Justice needs to be served in law enforcement and they have a responsibility to uphold the law and serve the people in the community. Law enforcement is crucial in the world today as a global realm as life continues to be more complex and law enforcement struggles to combat many aspects of crime. In order to combat these problems and have a positive future in the criminal justice system, everyone must work togetherRead MoreExpository Essay : The Criminal Justice Department1081 Words   |  5 Pagescollege major Introduction The Criminal Justice Department provides educational opportunities to help gain skills and knowledge in the areas of criminal delinquent process, criminology, and corrections while evaluating moral and ethical issue of public servants. 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To begin, with any officer in the field of criminal justice, knowledge is a factor that isRead MoreLeadership Skills and Criminal Justice Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Skills for Criminal Justice Professionals Leadership involves the commitment, dedication, and risk taking attitude of the individual, which also includes other skills to accomplish the tasks. â€Å"In a criminal justice organization, leadership is essential to the success of the goals of the organization† (McKinney, 2008).Criminal justice professionals should develop and maintain leadership skills in their professional and personal lives because they are role models, and their decision-makingRead MoreA Comparative Study of the Field Criminal Justice and Criminology1314 Words   |  6 PagesFields Criminal Justice and Criminology Javier Landa-Miranda Ivy Tech Community College CRIM 101 What is Criminal Justice and what is Criminology? They are the same? Those are the questions that people ask their selves when they talk about those fields. There might be many controversies about the differences and similarities about Criminal Justice and Criminology. People must think that these two fields are totally different or just the same thing. The reality is that Criminal Justice and CriminologyRead MoreThe Development Of The American Justice System Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesThe development of the American justice system is a captivating subject that can prompt to years of recorded study and investigation. A decent criminal justice graduate program will give you enough information to leave you wanting more as I gained from my time in school. The first settlers to America brought the criminal justice system of English custom-based law to our shores. The framework depended on the idea of Mens Reas (guilty mind) and the impact of the Catholic Church. There was marvelousRead MoreDetectives . 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Application of Biotechnology 1 Free Essays

Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. The concept encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes. For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Biotechnology 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium. It is use to treat bacterial infections in humans. The first use of biotechnology was used in fermentation. Throughout the use of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants one of the first forms of biotechnology. Applications Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e. g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, biofuels), and environmental uses. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons. 1. Medicine a. Genetic testing: Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself. A scientist scans a patient’s DNA sample for mutated sequences. The tests can detect mutations associated with rare genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease. Gene tests may not detect every mutation associated with a particular condition because many are as yet undiscovered Gene testing is used for: 1. Determining sex; 2. Forensic/identity testing; 3. Newborn screening; 4. Prenatal diagnostic screening. b. Human Genome Project: The Human Genome Project is an initiative of the U. S. Department of Energy. It has helped us to determine the exact chemical sequence that constitutes the DNA in every cell of a human body. It has the following advantages: 1. Doctors could drip droplets of our genes into a biochip to figure out if we have cancer that could kill or a disease that would respond to a particular drug. 2. Scientists could analyse selective genes from parents and could design babies before conception. c. Cloning: Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. It involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed. There are two types of cloning: 1. Reproductive cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus. 2. Therapeutic cloning. The egg is placed into a Petri dish where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating several ailments. 2. Agriculture a. Crop yield: Using the techniques of modern biotechnology, one or two genes may be transferred to a highly developed crop variety to impart a new character that would increase its yield. However, while increases in crop yield are the most obvious applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture, it is also the most difficult one. Current genetic engineering techniques work best for effects that are controlled by a single gene. Many of the genetic characteristics associated with yield (e. g. , enhanced growth) are controlled by a large number of genes, each of which has a minimal effect on the overall yield. There is, therefore, much scientific work to be done in this area. b. Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses: Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses may be developed. For example, drought and excessively salty soil are two important limiting factors in crop productivity. Researchers have also created transgenic rice plants that are resistant to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV). In Africa, this virus destroys majority of the rice crops and makes the surviving plants more susceptible to fungal infections. . Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals: Most of the current commercial applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture are on reducing the dependence of farmers on agrochemicals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces a protein with insecticidal qualities. Crops have also been genetically engineered to acquire tolerance to broad-spectrum herbicide. M ultiple applications of numerous herbicides were routinely used to control a wide range of weed species detrimental to agronomic crops. 3. Bioremediation and biodegradation Biotechnology is being used to engineer and adapt organisms especially microorganisms in an effort to find sustainable ways to clean up contaminated environments. The elimination of a wide range of pollutants and wastes from the environment is an absolute requirement to promote a sustainable development of our society with low environmental impact. Biological processes play a major role in the removal of contaminants and biotechnology is taking advantage of the astonishing catabolic versatility of microorganisms to degrade/convert such compounds. Marine environments are especially vulnerable since oil spills of coastal regions and the open sea are poorly containable and mitigation is difficult. In addition to pollution through human activities, millions of tons of petroleum enter the marine environment every year from natural seepages. Despite its toxicity, a considerable fraction of petroleum oil entering marine systems is eliminated by the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of microbial communities. How to cite Application of Biotechnology 1, Essays

The Basic Ingredients for the Formation of any Contract Free Sample

Question: Can Mike, Tom, Steve and Mary have any Claims against Bob? Answer: The basic ingredients that are required for the formation of any contract are agreement (offer plus acceptance), consideration, and intention of the parties and the capacity of the contractual parties. (Adams, 1997) All these ingredients should be analyzed in order to understand whether the claims that are raised against Bob are valid or not? A contract is an agreement which has the enforceability of law. An agreement is made when an offer is supported by acceptance. When an offer transfers his desire acts/omissions to an offeree with a hope that an approval will be received then it is an offer (ButlerMachine Toolv Ex-Cell-O Corporation[1979]). When the offeree grants his approval to the offer so received then it is called acceptance. (McKendrick Liu, 2015) But, when instead of accepting the offer, changes are brought in and a conditional acceptance is made then it is invalid and such act is called counter offer which has the capacity to cancel the original offer. The counter offer then becomes the new offer which must be approved to make a contract (Hyde v Wrench[1840]). Further, when the acceptance is made by letter or post, then as per rule in Adams vLindsell (1818), the acceptance is complete when the letter is posted. No revocation of offer will cancel the contract amid the parties. (McKendrick Liu, 2015) Also, when no offer is made but offers are invited via advertisements, auctions, tenders, etc, then it is called invitation and is not equivalent to an offer. The inviter receives offers from the public and hen he accepts the offers then a valid contract is made (Partridge v Crittenden[1968]). Apart from offer and acceptance, every agreement amid the parties should be sustained by consideration which makes such agreements enforceable in law. Consideration is benefits/gain/advantage which is paid by one party to another in exchange of the promises that is complied with by the parties. If there is no consideration the acts are gratuitous and there is no contract (Commonwealth v Verwayen[1990]). (Stone Devenney, 2015) The parties should also exchange their promises with legal intention. If the offer or offeree is exchanging offers and acceptance with no intention to bind by the same legally, then such kinds of contract have no significance. Whether parties are in domestic or commercial relationship, the contract are only enforceable when they intent to be legally bound by the same Cohen v. Cohen(1929). (Latimer, 2012) The parties should also be mentally stable and major in order to be capable to make a valid contract. Application The law is now applied to each and every situation. An email was sent by Mike to Bob on 1st January wherein he offers to sell his laptops at a price of $300 each (including insurance, delivery and GST). He offered 30 laptops. Normally, advertisements, tenders, display are invitations, but, the mail sent by Mike is an offer and thus Bob if accepts the offer of Mike then there is a contract amid the two. But, on 2nd Jan, Bob instead of accepting the offer, make changes and revert by stating that he is willing to buy the laptops provided the price is $ 300 inclusive of GST. The acceptance made by Bob is not a valid offer because acceptance must be absolute and unqualified. But, the acceptance made by Bob was conditional and thus is a counter offer. This counter offer has cancelled the offer of Mike. So, now the offer made by Bob on 2nd is valid. This offer was rejected by Mike on 3rd January. So, no contract exists between Bob and Mike. The acceptance of Bob on 5th has no significance as no acceptance can be made against an offer which was rejected by the parties already. The invoice of $ 9,000 send by Mike will not make the contract valid. Now, Bob was in need of hard-drives, so he ordered 5 drives from Tom on 10th January at the rate of $50 each. Thus, an offer is made by Bob which as accepted by Tom on 12th January through post but he agreed to accept the offer provided he will make delivery at the end of month. The acceptance by post by Tom has resulted in the formation of contract on 12th itself. As per postal rule, the acceptance is deeming to take place as soon as the letter is posted. The email by Bob on 14th for cancellation of offer has no significance. Toms letter reaches Bob on 15 January, and the hard-drives are delivered a few days later with an invoice for $ 10 000, which Bob refuses to pay. Also, Steve used to look after the cat of Bob. Later Steve was in need of computer so he asked for the same from Bob by writing to Bob on 1ts February. Bob agreed in exchange for the favors made by Steve. However, the promise by Bob has no significance because it is a promise which is made for a past act and in Australian contract law; there is no scope for past considerations (Roscorla v Thomas (1842)). Lastly, Bob is dealing with Mary in order to buy a van. Mary sent a document wherein she offered the sale price for the van at $33,000. The document requires the signature of Bob agreeing with the document terms. Bob accidently signs the document and faxes the same to Mary. When Bob signs the document he is of the view that he has signed a document of some other supplier. Now, Bob has no legal intention to abide by the document which he has signed and sent it to Mary. The offer made by Mary as accepted by Bob but without any legal intention and which is the main essence of any valid contract. The parties are in commercial relationship but the intention of both the parties is different and is not in consensus with each other. So, Bob has no legal intention to abide by the contract. Conclusion Mike cannot sue Bob because no valid offer was accepted by either of the parties. So, there is no contract amid the two. Bob must pay $ 10,000 to Tom because there is a valid contract with Tom which was established on 12th January itself hen the letter of acceptance was posted. Bob is not compelled to provide computers to Steve because the consideration that is provided by Bib against the favors of Steve was for a past act and thus has no value in law. Mary cannot force Bob to honor the contract because there is lack of legal intention. References Books/Articles/Journals Adams, M (1997). Australian Essential Management Law, Routledge. Latimer, P (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. McKendrick, E, Liu Q (2015) Contract Law:Australian Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Stone, R, Devenney J (2015) The Modern Law of Contract. Routledge. Case laws Adams vLindsell (1818). ButlerMachine Toolv Ex-Cell-O Corporation[1979] 1 WLR 401. Commonwealth v Verwayen[1990] HCA 39. Cohen v. Cohen(1929) 42 CLR 91. Hyde v Wrench[1840] 49 ER 132 Partridge v Crittenden[1968] 1 WLR 1204. Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234